Background

The emergency medical service as a high-risk workplace is a danger to patient safety. A main factor for patient safety, but also at the same time a main factor for patient harm, is team communication. Team communication is multidimensional and occurs before, during, and after the patient’s treatment.

Background

This paper aimed to explore various factors associated with the use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Background

The world is being challenged by the COVID-19 outbreak that resulted in a universal concern and economic hardship. It is a leading public health emergency across the globe in general and developing countries in particular. Strengthening good preventive behavior is the best way to tackle such pandemics.

Background

The standard method of sharing information in academia is the scientific journal. Yet health advocacy requires alternative methods to reach key stakeholders to drive change. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of social media and public narrative for advocacy in matters of firearm-related injury and death.

The importance and effectiveness of vaccines is generally high, but concerns toward vaccination contribute to eroding confidence in vaccination. Recently, alternative vaccination schedules are becoming popular as they allow parents to selectively delay or refuse certain vaccines depending on their specific concerns. Not being expressly anti-vaccination, these parents are challenging to identify on social media, however understanding the determinants of their hesitancy toward vaccines could help addressing parents’ concerns through targeted interventions. In this work, we create a Natural Language Processing pipeline to automatically identify parents who state their adherence to the recommended or alternative vaccination schedule on a popular parenting forum, BabyCenter US. We find that these users have distinct interests and different experiences with vaccination, although they frequently share similar sources of information (e.g., .gov websites). Differently from what is observed on most popular digital platforms like Facebook or Twitter, where users communicate mainly with like-minded users, Babycenter users communicate between each other independently of the vaccination schedule they adopt. These observations suggest that parenting fora may be a more suitable medium to develop intervention aiming to influence positively the vaccination behavior of parents.

Background

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is associated with multiple adverse health effects. It is prominent in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, but disparities in use within and across these countries are not well documented or understood. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of SLT use in these three countries.

Introduction

The impact of entrepreneurship training on the levels of compulsory education has been weak until now. Complementarily to the demand of greater effectiveness in entrepreneurship education, it is a priority to make scientifically verified instruments available to provide useful information about the achievement of the competences needed for the development of entrepreneurial capacities. Our research is focused on the design and assessment of entrepreneurship competency, tackling one the dimension concerning business skills or competences. Specifically, the aim of the study consists in the development, validation and reliability of an instrument, intended for secondary education, created with the purpose of detecting the strictly indispensable entrepreneurial competencies in the basic training of the business profile, the Basic Scale of Entrepreneurial Competencies (BSEC).

Collective dynamics in brain networks are characterized by a coordinated activity of their constituent neurons that lead to brain oscillations. Many evidences highlight the role that brain oscillations play in signal transmission, the control of the effective communication between brain areas, and the integration of information processed by different specialized regions. Oscillations periodically modulate the excitability of neurons and determine the response of those areas receiving the signals. Based on the communication through coherence (CTC) theory, the adjustment of the phase difference between local oscillations of connected areas can specify the timing of exchanged signals and therefore, the efficacy of the communication channels. In this respect, an important factor is the delay in the transmission of signals from one region to another that affects the phase difference and timing, and consequently the impact of the signals. Despite this delay plays an essential role in CTC theory, its role has been mostly overlooked in previous studies. In this manuscript, we concentrate on the role that the connection delay and the oscillation frequency of the populations play in the signal transmission, and consequently in the effective connectivity, between two brain areas. Through extensive numerical simulations, as well as analytical results with reduced models, we show that these parameters have two essential impacts on the effective connectivity of neural networks: First, that the populations advancing in phase to others do not necessarily play the role of the information source; and second, that the amount and direction of information transfer dependents on the oscillation frequency of the populations.

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has intensely changed the everyday lives of people worldwide. This study explores the forms and outcomes of coronavirus and COVID-19-related social stigma and the experiences of people who were home quarantined or isolated in Finland during the spring 2020. The findings of this study can be used to improve support for those quarantined or isolated and to develop strategies to reduce the stigma associated with coronavirus and COVID-19.

An analysis of bioRxiv and medRxiv during the first 10 months of the COVID-19 pandemic reveals that the pandemic has resulted in a cultural shift in the use of preprints for disseminating pandemic-related science.

Background

A major earthquake in Israel is inevitable. Individual risk perceptions and preparedness can mitigate harm and save lives. The gap between the public’s concerns and those of experts is reflected in their differential perceptions regarding the components that influence the occurrence of an earthquake in Israel. Whereas the public believes that geographic location is the critical variable, the experts note additional variables that need to be considered. Common knowledge regarding the risks of earthquake occurrence in Israel is based on a distinction between high and low-risk areas, such that the closer a residential area is to the Great Rift Valley, the higher the risk that an earthquake will occur.

Exocytosis from beta cells monitored by amperometry is compared to the vesicle content assessed from intracellular vesicle impact cytometry to determine if partial release is dominant. Serotonin was used as an electroactive proxy for insulin as it is co‐released. The fraction of release from insulin‐containing granules in beta cells was found to be at most 34 %, providing a new perspective on insulin release for diabetes research.

Acyclic tertiary amines with alkyl substitution undergo two consecutive C(sp³)−H silylation reactions with dihydrosilanes to form 4‐silapiperidines. Bond formation occurs β to the nitrogen atom at two of the alkyl residues. The reaction is catalyzed by the strong boron Lewis acid B(C₆F₅)₃ and involves enamine intermediates generated by dehydrogenation.

The haem in bacterioferritins has been shown before to provide an electron to the ferritin's mineral core—to reduce Fe³⁺ to water soluble Fe²⁺. This work shows that the haem can also provide an electron, over a distance of approximately 13 Å, to the di‐iron ferroxidase centre of the protein, in a redox process not yet known.

Reported for the first time is an unusual borane‐initiated polymerization of arsonium ylide monomers, where the main‐chain grows by five carbon atoms, from the monomer, at a time and leads to unique structures.

The asymmetric synthesis of N‐substituted α‐amino esters has been achieved, in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities, employing sequence diverse metagenomic imine reductases (IREDs).

Complex solid solutions (“high‐entropy alloys”) promise a paradigm change in electrocatalysis but expose the challenge of almost unlimited options in adjusting their compositions. We propose the utilisation of computational models, combined with high‐throughput experimentation for the verification of the model assumptions, which allows for model refinement in iterative loops, understanding of binding mechanisms, and discovery of the most active composition.

A powerful alternative to the Nozaki‐Hiyama‐Kishi reaction serves as the key transformation in the total synthesis of chondrochloren A. Using a novel combination of the Hoppe anion in Matteson rearrangements serves to overcome the inherent synthetic challenges of the polyketide portion of chondrochloren A and paves the way to its total synthesis. Remarkably, this transformation can be performed stereoselectively in the absence of sparteine.

This contribution describes the observation of spin–electric coupling utilizing electric‐field‐modulated ESR (EFM‐ESR) spectroscopy for single‐crystals of a spin triangle which is characterized by the strong magnetic anisotropy of the individual cobalt(II) centers and a pronounced sensitivity of the molecular energy levels on the relative orientation of their magnetic axes as well as the exchange coupling between them.

A unique, highly incompressible fluid formed by a tight association of water molecules around ammonium and phosphonium salts is described in this paper. Applications of this new family of supramolecular fluids in different electrochemical processes are demonstrated in this work.

The characterization of η²‐N,N′‐N₂O and CO₂ complexes of nickel and the associated computational study reveal that the bonding ability of N₂O to nickel is intermediate between that of CO₂ and that of H₂C=CH₂. It is shown that in general, N₂O η²‐binds to metals comparably to or stronger than CO₂, indicating that the rarity of η²‐N₂O metal complexes is due mostly to its oxidizing character and not to its weak σ‐donating and π‐accepting properties.

The diborane(4) B₂(o‐tolyl)₄ reacts with species with B−H bonds giving a complex mixture arising from hydride/aryl exchange, dimerization and borane elimination. Use of BH₃ sources led to the isolation of the first tetra‐substituted pentaborane(9) HB[B(o‐tolyl)(μ‐H)]₄.

Extremely stable Blatter's type organic radicals grafted into the mesoporous silica show advanced relaxation properties at room temperature. Electron spin decoherence time exceeds that in many other qubit candidates, allowing efficient spin manipulation at ambient conditions. The tuneable multifunctional nature of such composite materials promotes them as promising nanoplatforms for developing new spin‐based quantum bits.

Targeting actin requires spatiotemporal control of drug activity. Optojasps are photo‐switchable small molecules, providing direct optical spatiotemporal control of the actin cytoskeleton. We present high‐resolution cryo‐EM structures of both isomeric states of an optojasp bound to F‐actin and describe in detail the binding pocket and conformational changes associated with switching of the azobenzene.

A Ni‐deposited carbon nitride material was developed as a fully heterogeneous dual photocatalyst. Visible light‐driven C–O cross‐coupling is demonstrated free of organic ligands and additives. This dual catalytic system operates with very low nickel loadings and the heterogeneous photocatalyst can be easily recycled.

DNA origami platforms were used to assemble synthetic supramolecular polymers, retaining their dynamic nature with control over monomer composition and loading and dynamic exchange of molecular cargo. The DNA origami‐templated self‐assembly allows for novel strategies for controlled multicomponent self‐assembly and characterization of synthetic supramolecular systems.

A fluorescence‐based competitive assay was developed, which enabled the high‐throughput screening of various cyclic peptides targeting the Lys48‐linked tetraubiquitin chain. This assay combined with chemical tools enabled the design of a potent dimeric cyclic peptide, which induced cell death with higher efficiency compared to its monocyclic analogue.

A CO₂, pH, and thermo‐responsive emulsion was developed to perform multienzyme cascades without incompatibility and cross‐reactivity issues. This emulsion allows the on‐demand control of morphology and phase composition, and therefore exchanging enzymes and separate yielding/recycling of products and polymers. A three‐enzyme cascade was performed sequentially, each step was carried out under the optimal conditions of the corresponding enzyme.

Twelve sugars, differing in size and stereochemistry, were used as building blocks in a modular, efficient four‐step synthetic route to multifunctional BODIPY glycoconjugates with high fluorescence and hydrophilicity. The chiral information was transferred unchanged, thereby providing complex and distinct probes for target‐oriented binding studies and specific in vivo imaging.

Phosphazene organocatalysts have been found to promote a highly‐active, controlled, and selective alternating ring‐opening copolymerization of N‐sulfonyl aziridines and cyclic anhydrides. This one‐pot methodology leads not only to homopolymers but also to poly(ester amide)‐based block copolymers.

Two pathways are proposed for the synthesis of an important class of functionalized phthalocyanine‐porphyrin hybrids (TBTAPs). The materials are novel in their own right, but more importantly, the syntheses offer control and variation over structural and substituent modifications, a goal not yet achieved even within the extensively investigated chemistry of the parent phthalocyanines.

Divergent radical sp³ C−H functionalization of N‐alkyl anilines has been achieved using a photoredox strategy. This approach enables to overcome back‐electron transfer and therefore allows direct access to previously elusive α‐anilinoalkyl radicals.

A radically new approach to the synthesis of 1‐(dialkylamino)‐1,2,3‐triazoles via addition of diazomethyl radicals to hydrazones is described. This reactivity confirms the utility of the α‐diazosulfonium salts herein introduced as synthetic equivalents of the diazomethyl cation.

The scope of carbon–carbon bond‐forming hydrogen‐borrowing reactions has been expanded to include 1,2‐amino alcohols derived from both natural and unnatural amino acids. The vulnerable amine stereocentre is preserved in the reaction by the use of a bulky nitrogen protecting group (trityl or benzyl), with the products being readily cleaved under acidic conditions to the corresponding γ‐aminobutyric acids without further purification.

Green or blue? The wavelength controls the outcome. Chromoselective activation of a carbon nitride generates electron holes with different oxidation potentials that are used for selective oxidation processes. By coupling the photocatalytic reactions with biocatalysis the (S)‐ or the (R)‐enantiomer of 1‐phenylethanol was synthesized stereoselectively.

We describe a chemical strategy to prepare sucrose derivatives with vibrational tags and the characterisation of the first optical analogue of sucrose able to image real‐time trafficking of sucrose in live plant cells.

An iodine‐assisted method has been developed for etching bulk Ti₃AlC₂ in anhydrous acetonitrile (CH₃CN), resulting in 2D MXene sheets (Ti₃C₂T_x, T=O, OH) with intact lattice, high yield (71 %), large size (1.8 μm) and ultimate thickness (<5 nm). 2D MXene sheets present great ambient stability in water for at least 2 weeks and high gravimetric capacitances of 293 F g⁻¹ at 1 mV s⁻¹ when serving as electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Metal‐free diazotransfer on native RNA using the reagent FSO₂N₃ selectively provides azide‐modified RNA in quantitative yields. The stereochemically controlled reaction opens new avenues for the synthesis of RNA‐peptide conjugates and for the isolation of cellular RNA containing post‐transcriptional nucleotide modifications with an aliphatic primary amino group, such as acp³U.

Background

Demand for family planning met/satisfied with modern contraceptive methods (mDFPS) has been proposed to track progress in Family Planning (FP) programs for Sustainable Development Goals. This study measured mDFPS among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in Kenya to identify which groups were not being reached by FP programs.

Introduction

Little is known about the accuracy of societal publications (e.g. press releases, internet postings or professional journals) that are based on scientific work. This study investigates a) inconsistencies between scientific peer-reviewed health services research (HSR) publications and non-scientific societal publications and b) replication of reporting inadequacies from these scientific publications to corresponding societal publications.

Background

Social media is an important and growing part of the lives of the vast majority of the global population, especially in the young. Although still a young and scarce subject, research has revealed that social media has addictive potential. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the associations between problematic use of social media and mental distress, problematic gaming and gambling, within the Swedish general population.

Introduction

Early postnatal care (EPNC) utilisation is crucial for averting maternal deaths as recommended by the World Health Organisation. About 30% of women do not obtain EPNC in Ghana and no national level study have investigated the determinants of EPNC. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing factors associated with EPNC uptake among women aged 15–49 in Ghana.

Background

Female sterilization is a permanent method of contraception practiced widely in India. Though, the important evidences of behavior of contraceptives is widespread in the literature, relatively less research has been conducted that explores particularly female sterilization method and how its behavior has remained dominant over the past two decades. The present study aims to examine how the level of women’s socio-demographic and fertility related characteristics intersect to shape the behavior for the dominance of female sterilization.

Aim

To understand the impact and causes of ‘Failure to Attend’ (FTA) labelling, of patients with chronic conditions.

Background

Both negative and positive associations between social networking service (SNS) usage and mental health have been suggested by previous studies; however, their differences by type of SNS and age remain unclear. We addressed this issue based on the frequency of traditional communication such as face-to-face and non-face-to-face communication (e.g., phone, email, and letters).

Unexpected conformational changes involving a global concerted rearrangement of the structure have been evidenced in large multistranded aromatic sheets. Increasing foldamer size thus gives access to new and defined conformational trajectories.

Using VCD spectroscopy as key analytical tool, it was found that point chirality in side chains of chiral triarylborane–ammonia adducts, which feature intramolecular hydrogen bonds in addition to the dative N→B bond, can efficiently be transferred to triarylborane propeller chirality.

Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) precursor salt 2BF₄ reacts with [M(PPh₃)₄] (M=Pd, Pt) to give cis/trans‐[3]BF₄ and cis‐[4]BF₄, in which the CAAC ligand bears an unusual N‐alkyl substituent. trans‐[5] has a unique anionic CAAC ligand with an unsubstituted ring‐nitrogen atom which can be protonated to give trans‐[6]BF₄ bearing a protic CAAC (pCAAC) ligand.

An efficient, racemic, and enantioselective total synthesis of the diterpene waihoensene is presented. Key steps are a radical cyclization, a Pauson–Khand reaction, and an asymmetric allylic decarboxylative allylation (AAA) reaction to obtain optical active material.

α‐C−H arylation of N‐alkylamides using 2‐iodoarylsulfonyl radical translocating arylating (RTA) groups is reported. The RTA group fulfills multiple roles: It acts as radical precursor, engages in remote C−H activation via hydrogen atom transfer, and serves as arylating moiety. The method allows the construction of α‐quaternary carbon centers in amides and shows broad substrate scope.

Br‐NHC‐Au^I complexes were designed as starting points of Kumada polymerizations to grow regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s‐NHC‐Au^I, which were reduced to afford P3HT‐NHC@Au NPs. In addition to excellent thermal as well as redox stability, the corresponding NPs show improved charge transfer behavior due to the effective electron delocalization over the gold/P3HT interface benefiting from the robust and conductive NHC linkages.

Biogenesis of amyloid‐β peptides from their precursor protein can be tracked in endocytic compartments of living cells by a molecular beacon labeling strategy based on genetic code expansion.

A SEM‐controlled micromanipulator technique is proposed to pick single Co₃O₄ nanoparticles and place them on a modified carbon nanoelectrode surface. The obtained nanoassembly allows to extract the intrinsic oxygen evolution activity of the nanoparticle at industrially relevant current density devoid of film and ensemble effects. Post‐electrochemistry TEM analyses offer insight into structural transformations during electrocatalysis.

Here, a non‐equilibrium state of interaction between supramolecular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Aβ42, an aggregate‐prone protein that causes Alzheimer's disease (AD), was identified. Oscillation of the non‐equilibrium state for co‐assembly and clearance of Aβ42 is triggered through the use of a supramolecular bait. Since the impaired clearance of toxic Aβ42 deposits correlates with AD pathology, the LPS and Aβ42 non‐equilibrium could represent a useful target for developing AD therapeutics.

A plausible scenario for the prebiotic generation of activated RNA substrates under mild aqueous conditions is presented. Using water‐soluble diamidophosphate, in situ production of 2′,3′‐cyclic phosphate‐activated oligoribonucleotides and their subsequent ligation by a ribozyme can be achieved.

The electronic nature of Sb‐ and Bi‐doped lead halide perovskites is an area of current scientific debate. Model compounds featuring [PbE₂I₁₆]⁸⁻ (E=Sb, Bi) anions that represent precise cut‐outs of doped perovskites are presented. The compounds display surprisingly low band gaps owing to an excellent electronic match between PbI₆ and EI₆ units and represent the first members of a promising new class of metal halide materials.

A stable cyclic diaminosilylene featuring a ferrocene‐based backbone is reported. The dicoordinate Si^II atom is part of a six‐membered FeC₂N₂Si ring and shows a comparatively large bond angle of ca. 107°. This N‐heterocyclic silylene can activate strong bonds (C=O, N=O, B−H, N−H, P−H, O−H) under ambient conditions.

Dimerization of linear butenes and pentenes at zeolitic Brønsted acid sites yields, rather than branched alkenes, alkanes featuring a cyclohexane ring. The absence of any C=C double bond in the latter explains not only the observed change of the IR spectra, but also the observation that oligomerization stops at the dimer.

The effect of thermal vibrations on anisotropic NMR parameters, such as residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), is evaluated. It is shown that this “structural noise” significantly affects the certainty with which relative configurations of chiral compounds can be assigned by using RDCs.

The one‐electron reduction of a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC)‐stabilized borylene carbonyl complex yields a dimeric borylketyl radical anion, resulting from an intramolecular aryl migration to the CO carbon atom. Computational analyses support the existence of a [(CAAC)B(CO)Ar]^.− radical anion intermediate. Further reduction leads to a highly nucleophilic dianionic (boraneylidene)methanolate.

A highly contorted π‐expanded polycyclic tetra‐anion comprising a cyclooctatetraene moiety is readily formed upon reduction of the neutral precursor with lithium metal. The highly charged carbanion crystallizes with four lithium counterions, two of which stabilize the contorted structure through internal coordination. Density‐functional theory calculations rationalize the unexpected formation of the tetra‐anion and provide insights into its electronic properties.

Super‐iMICs (5) with the largest buried volume (V _bur=45 %) known thus far for iMICs are accessible via unprecedented Ni‐catalyzed intramolecular 1,2‐aryl migration of C5‐protonated iMICs (2) to 3, subsequent N‐alkylation of 3 to 4, and the deprotonation of 4. S‐iMICs (5) are stronger σ‐donors and superior π‐acceptors than 2. A comparative catalytic study reveals superior activity of S‐iMICs (5) over iMICs (2) and NHC (IPr).

Dehydroamino‐acid‐containing natural peptides and proteins were rapidly and selectively borylated at the β‐position using copper(II) catalysis. The introduced boronic‐acid functionalities are valuable handles for chemical mutagenesis and, in a reversible click reaction with triols, for the pH‐controlled labeling of ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs).

Azetidines can be enantioselectively prepared from the title compounds and various 1‐arylethenes. An intramolecular variant of the reaction is also possible, and the lactam ring of the products 1 can be readily cleaved without loss of enantiopurity.

For the first time, the 3c–4e bond of a symmetric trichlorine anion [Cl]⁻ was characterized by experimental charge density investigations and compared to two asymmetric cases. Quantum‐chemical DFT calculations for both periodic crystals and isolated molecules/ions flank those studies. There appears to be a smooth transition from the asymmetric to the symmetric compound.

The Ga=E double bond in gallapnictenes LGaEGa(Cl)L (E=As, Sb) serves both as electrophilic and nucleophilic center, whereas the corresponding pnictanide anions [L(Cl)Ga]₂E⁻ are strong nucleophiles.

The β‐H elimination event that brings about chain transfer and branch formation in neutral nickel‐catalyzed olefin insertion polymerization is now fully addressed by a C _s‐type shielding of both apical positions of a neutral Ni^II catalyst. Thus, strictly linear (<0.1 brs/1000C) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes (UHMWPEs; 5050 kDa) are now accessible.

An enantioselective electronic nose based on an array of six sensors coated with nanoporous metal–organic framework films of different homochiral and achiral structures is presented. Each chiral film shows a different response for each enantiomer of the chiral odor molecules, allowing their discrimination. All tested odor molecules can be enantioselectively identified with high precision by using the combined data of the sensor array.

Upon reaction of silylated [Ge₉] clusters with 1,3,2‐diazaborolidines boranyl‐functionalization is achieved. The presented experiments aim for the generation of frustrated Lewis acid–base pairs as predicted from quantum‐chemical calculations.

A heteroleptic silyl supported stannylene enables activation of white phosphorus and use as P‐atom transfer reagent.

Understanding reaction mechanisms is crucial to knowledge‐driven catalyst design. Here, NMR spectroscopy and DFT are combined to unravel the mechanism of “CO‐free” hydroesterifications. Methyl formate is found to be the key intermediate in this Pd‐catalyzed reaction. This is supported by the first observation of a Pd‐formyl species.

Background

Understanding patients’ trust in health information sources is critical to designing work systems in healthcare. Patient-centered communication during the visit might be a major factor in shaping patients’ trust in information sources.

A novel one‐pot synthetic strategy towards a series of boron‐doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from ortho‐aryl substituted diarylalkynes has been developed. A reaction mechanism is proposed based on the experimental investigation together with the theoretical calculations, which involves an unprecedented 1,4‐boron migration process.

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based smart prodrug delivery nanoplatform was demonstrated with the ability to specifically target tumor sites with prolonged retention time and gradual tumor microenvironmental pH‐triggered release. The MIP‐based prodrug delivery is liver‐independent but tumor‐dependent, which not only greatly enhances tumor specificity but also expands the scope of applicable prodrugs.

The synthesis of a carbenaporphyrin ligand based on carbazole and triazolylidene is reported. Instead of a macrocyclic aromatic or antiaromatic character, the aromaticity of each heterocyclic moiety is preserved, which results in optical properties different from porphyrins, for example, fluorescence. In Li⁺ and Sc³⁺ complexes the ligand reveals striking geometric similarity to porphyrins, but is a stronger electron donor.

Irradiation of N‐acryloyl heterocycles with blue LED light and an Ir^III complex leads to fused γ‐lactam formation. The reaction proceeds via cyclization in the triplet excited state to yield a 1,4‐diradical; intersystem crossing leads to a singlet zwitterion that is geometrically restricted from yielding a cyclobutane. Proton transfer leads to the products in an interrupted [2+2] cycloaddition.

A photobioelectrochemical tandem cell is presented in which two photoelectrodes have been functionally coupled with two biocatalysts for supplying the light‐driven reaction with charge carriers from glucose conversion. The cell allows the generation of electricity from biofuels and light with a high open‐circuit voltage of 1 V.

Knight‐shift T ₂‐weighted MRI measurements of dendrite formation in all‐solid‐state batteries show direct contrast between the bulk electrode and the dendrite formation. This significantly increased T ₂ of the spalling dendrite formation is attributed to a local motion of the metallic Na ions.

In a series of experiments and by a theoretical analysis we decipher Raman optical activity induced in achiral solvents as an interference of two phenomena, circular dichroism and polarized Raman scattering. Applications of this strong effect can be potentially found in analytical chemistry, spectroscopy, and imaging of biologically relevant systems.

Amide metathesis is exploited as a route to boryl compounds of K, Ca, and Sr. The dimeric potassium system is shown by crystallographic and atoms‐in‐molecules studies to approach a limiting description as a “free” boryl anion.

Promiscuous acyltransferase activity is widespread in family VIII carboxylesterases. A detailed structure–function analysis improved understanding of this remarkable phenomenon and enabled us to rationally transform a hydrolase into an acyltransferase by introducing a single mutation.

A unique angle: A new approach for monitoring the real‐time permeation of drug molecules, from the bulk phase, across a lipid membrane was established by supporting a lipid bilayer on mesoporous silica thin films. Through the use of TIRF microscopy, the angle of incidence of illumination light could be controlled to ensure the resulting evanescence was restricted within the thin film, and thus, only drug permeating the bilayer was resolved.

Low‐oxidation‐state main‐group compounds exhibit rich oxidative addition chemistry. The same is not true for the reverse process, reductive elimination. Put together, the processes enable numerous catalytic cycles in transition‐metal chemistry. Here, using a stereoactive ligand as a reporter, it is revealed that Al^II dihydrodialanes exhibit transition‐metal‐like reversible reductive elimination. Mes=2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl.

A vanillin‐based 2‐methoxyhydroquinone is proposed as the catholyte for redox‐flow batteries. We overcame the tendency of such quinones to form reactive radicals that trigger side‐reactions by carefully choosing the medium. This enabled 87.4 % capacity retention after 250 cycles.

Objective

In recent years the social media offers a handy platform for patients who want to receive medical information. The aim of this study is to assess the content of YouTube as an information source on space maintainers and to evaluate the efficiency of videos by parents and patients.

We report engineering of a P450 monooxygenase for the stereo‐ and regioselective 7β‐hydroxylation of lithocholic acid to produce ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Structural and 3DM analysis, and molecular docking, identified selectivity‐influencing residues. A “small but smart” mutant library was then screened with a selective colorimetric assay. The best mutant has nearly perfect regio‐ and stereoselectivity, enabling a new route for UDCA synthesis.

2D CPs via the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction: A novel methodology for the solvothermal bottom‐up synthesis of 2D vinylene‐linked conjugated polymers (2D CPs) with a nitrogen‐doped skeleton by linking hexaazatrinaphthalene (HATN) units and phenyl/biphenyl units by vinylene linkages is reported.

Active tau recruits tubulin into liquid‐like condensates and promotes microtubule assembly. Upon phosphorylation at the disease‐associated AT180‐epitope intramolecular salt bridges are formed and the microtubule‐assembly activity is lost.

Background

To combat social distancing and stay-at-home restrictions due to COVID-19, Canadian communities began a Facebook social media movement, #Caremongering, to support vulnerable individuals in their communities. Little research has examined the spread and use of #Caremongering to address community health and social needs.

A short 6‐step enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐finerenone is reported featuring a partial transfer hydrogenation of a naphthyridine ring. The naphthyridine existed in two atropisomeric forms that reacted at different rates and selectivities; however, at elevated temperature kinetic dynamic resolution occurred, enabling (−)‐finerenone to be obtained with high enantioselectivity.

Selective excitation of overlapped multiplets in a single scan broadens the applicability of 1D selective NMR experiments.

A modified implementation of DNA‐PAINT microscopy is used to detect spatial proximity of biomolecules with super‐resolution capabilities. The new technique, called Proximity‐PAINT, features a precisely tunable detection range, high sensitivity and low false‐positive rates. The implementation can be applied to visualize cellular protein‐protein interactions and other biomolecules of interest, such as nucleic acids.

Simple ethylene‐bridged oligo‐BODIPY precursors of various sizes serve as ideal substrates to undergo a one‐pot, multistep oxidation sequence with FeCl₃ to furnish benzene‐fused counterparts as fully conjugated, semicircular, near‐infrared dyes with interesting reduction behavior and high air stability.

The first heteronuclear vinyl anion consisting of two heavier Group 14 elements, silagermenide 3⋅K(18‐c‐6), is readily accessible by KC₈ reduction of a NHC‐stabilized germylene or the corresponding NHC‐free digermene. Its applicability as synthon for the synthesis of unprecedented functional silagermenes 4 a,b and evidence for significant π‐conjugation between the N=C and Si=Ge are also reported.

This work reveals the mechanism of atomic permeation through a subnano‐pore in graphenic lattice by in situ aberration‐corrected high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, highlighting the importance of chemical bonding between the mobile atom and dangling bonds around the subnano‐pore. This new phenomenon and permeation mechanism are likely to play a role in the filtration processes by porous graphenic carbon based membranes.

Proteins are genetically engineered and equipped with long supercharged polypeptide handles, rendering them susceptible to ultrasound. The concept is demonstrated by designing ultrasound‐responsive GFP derivatives the fluorescence of which can be switched “off,” while the activation of catalytic activity is switched “on” by ultrasound using trypsin in conjunction with a protein inhibitor.

Biocatalytic alkylations are valuable for late‐stage functionalization but are limited by the availability of S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine analogs. Directed evolution was used to create an engineered halide methyltransferase capable of converting cheap and readily available alkyl iodides into a number of SAM analogs. Used in cascades with methyltransferases, this enables chemo‐, regio‐ and stereoselective alkylations which are difficult to achieve by chemical means.

Background

The burden of psychological distress is increasing with the spread of the pandemic and also with the enforcement of its containment measures. The aim of this research was to determine the proportion of self-reported psychological distress, loneliness and degrees of resilient coping, and to also investigate the relationship of loneliness, coping and other variables with psychological distress among apparently healthy Indians during nation-wide lockdown period.

The amplification of circularly polarised (CP) luminescence of a small chiral molecule embedded within an achiral polymer matrix is demonstrated. This amplification (from |g _PL|=0.0003 to 0.15) is observed in several achiral polymer hosts, due to electrodynamic coupling between the electric and magnetic transition dipoles of the donor (polymer) and acceptor (small molecule), which results in efficient CP Förster resonance energy transfer.

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting the global community in many ways. Combating the COVID-19 pandemic requires a coordinated effort through engaging public and service providers in preventive measures. The government of Ethiopia had already announced prevention guidelines for the public. However, there is a scarcity of evidence-based data on the public knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and response of the service providers regarding COVID-19.

The combination of a chiral copper catalyst and a bifunctional ruthenium pincer complex enables the nonenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of acyclic and cyclic benzylic alcohols. The enantioselective Cu‐H‐catalyzed dehydrogenative Si‐O coupling and the rapid transition‐metal‐catalyzed alcohol racemization are perfectly orthogonal. By this, high yields and good levels of enantioselection are achieved.

Is the latest addition to the periodic table an actual or a formal noble gas? Two complementary state‐of‐the‐art approaches reveal in unison that Og is a solid at ambient conditions. And with predicted melting and boiling points of 325±15 K and 450±10 K, not even particularly volatile.

Tantalum carbide dihydride cations are identified as products in the reaction of methane with gas‐phase Ta₄ ⁺ clusters by IR spectroscopy, in conjunction with density‐functional theory calculations.

Gallium(I) triflate is a promising new source of low‐valent gallium for synthesis and catalysis. However, little is known about its composition and structural chemistry. Here it is demonstrated that speciation is quite complex in this system, with compounds containing Ga in multiple oxidation states being isolated from arene solutions.

Arynes generated in situ are shown to be good acceptors for the persistent TEMPO radical. The adduct aryl radicals engage in typical radical reactions such as direct TEMPO trapping, cyclization, or hydrogen atom transfer. Final TEMPO trapping provides bisalkoxyamines. Cyclizations, dihydrobenzofurans, oxindoles, and sultones can be prepared by this conceptually novel aryne chemistry, nicely complementing existing aryne methodology.

Using the bimetallic combination sBu₂Mg⋅2 LiOR (R=2‐ethylhexyl) in toluene enables a very fast regioselective Br/Mg exchange of dibromo(hetero)arenes in toluene. The regioselectivity of the exchange can be finely tuned by the coordination preference of lithium, which can be switched, in some cases, by the addition of Lewis donors such as PMDTA.

A new in situ nano‐spectroscopy technique elucidating the guest–host chemistry between Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and water vapor is described. By using adapted Photoinduced Force Microscopy (PiFM) on amphiphilic surfaces of mixed HKUST‐1/ZIF‐8 films, site‐specific D₂O gas sorption isotherms could be determined. Furthermore, using in situ PiFM, the real‐time evolution of defective HKUST‐1 paddlewheels on the surface could be visualized.

Background/Objectives

Many jurisdictions use a functional model of capacity with similar legal criteria, but there is a lack of agreed understanding as to how to apply these criteria in practice. We aimed to develop a typology of capacity rationales to describe court practice in making capacity determinations and to guide professionals approaching capacity assessments.

The first tectosilicate‐analogous oxonium–bismuth borosulfate obtained from the reaction of oleum with bismuth nitrate and boric acid decomposes to the first bismuth borosulfate—a ring‐silicate‐analogous one—delivering exciting insights in the chemistry and the crystal structures of this still expanding material class.

Boron–nitrogen compounds have many applications in materials chemistry, hydrogen storage and medicinal chemistry. We report herein a new method for the construction of B−N bonds via the efficient and uncatalysed hydroamination of boron−boron multiple bonds with primary amines. The new diborenes generated are diboron analogues of enamines.

Introduction

Communication apprehension (CA) refers to an individual’s level of fear or anxiety toward either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24) is the most widely used measure of CA, even among healthcare students.

Only one very bulky substituent R is required to stabilize the first stable heteroindanediyls (see picture), which represent a group of resonance‐stabilized phosphorus‐centered biradicals. Different types of oligomers formed by self‐activation of the aromatic backbone were observed for smaller substituents.

Willing to interact are the tellurium and nitrogen atoms of Me₂N(CH₂)₃Te(C₆F₅) as was experimentally proven both in the solid state and the gas phase.

Designed with the correct pK _a value and appropriate electron withdrawing and pushing groups, benzoic acid and benzamidine are bioisosteric with respect to the binding to the hinge region of a kinase.

Conventional chemical bonding analysis distinguishes between two situations: electron sharing and donor‐acceptor. However, a third scenario is possible where the bond suffers spin polarization. Discussed here is the case of NaBH₃ ⁻, better classified as a spin‐polarized bond. A simple model to distinguish between these bonding types is provided.

An oxidative domino reaction is developed here for the construction of alkyne‐substituted cyclopentenol compounds by using an amino‐supported Pd catalyst. The properties of the heterogeneous catalyst contribute to its high efficiency and excellent chemoselectivity, as well as good recyclability.

A new diterpene synthase (CaCS) from Catenulispora acidiphila and its products were identified. The enzyme mechanism was studied by isotopic labelling experiments and usage of substrate analogues with blocked reactivity, resulting in a series of derailment products. Their chemistry was studied, leading to the biomimetic synthesis of a diterpenoid analogue of a brominated sesquiterpene known from the red seaweed Laurencia microcaldia.

Modular β‐borylacrylates are validated as programmable, ambiphilic C₃‐synthons for the annulation of 2‐halo‐phenol derivatives to generate diverse coumarins. Key to this [3+3] disconnection is the BPin unit which serves a dual purpose as both a traceless linker for C(sp²)–C(sp²) coupling, and as a chromophore extension to enable E → Z alkene isomerisation. Inverting alkene geometry is a pre‐condition to access 3‐susbtituted derivatives. This approach capitalises upon the abundance of 2‐halophenols in biology and may facilitate natural product/drug re‐purposing and the development of imaging tools.

A method for the direct C−H alkynylation of thiophenes has been developed. Complementary sets of reaction conditions enable a regiodivergence for 3‐substituted substrates, giving selective access to either the C2 or the C5 alkynylation products. The method works for various substitution patterns on the thiophene, features a broad scope, and uses the thiophene as the limiting reagent, rendering it suitable for late‐stage modification.

An all‐organic core–shell colloidal catalyst was synthesized through two‐step surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization. The acid/base colloidal catalyst shows high catalytic activity in water, can be scaled up and recycled, indicating its potential for practical applications.

The yet underdeveloped coordination chemistry of Ga^I species won a new addition to their family. With an unprecedented bonding situation in main‐group chemistry, the complex salt Ga(COD)₂ ⁺[Al(OR^F)₄]⁻ (COD=1,5‐cyclooctadiene; R^F=C(CF₃)₃) offers novel options. Its properties are compared with respect to those of related transition‐metal species.

Sodium in Flow: A sodiation of substituted acrylonitriles and alkenyl sulfides with NaDA or NaTMP⋅TMEDA was performed using a commercial continuous flow set‐up leading to the corresponding organosodiums. Trapping with various electrophiles afforded functionalized acrylonitriles and alkenyl sulfides. This flow‐procedure was successfully extended to other acrylates by using Barbier‐type conditions.

Staple it! A terminal helical turn in heterodimeric coiled coils was stapled with a covalent lactam or a reversible metal‐coordination bond. The staples provide resistance to helix uncoiling and increase coiled coil stability to thermal denaturation and external mechanical forces.

Introduction

Quality work environment has been established as a marker of employee value creation. A plethora of qualitative evidence suggested that sustained focus on employee satisfaction through changes in the work environment, communication of patient-centered care strategic vision, management of staff workload, and workplace social support are factors that stimulate Patient-centered care. Yet, it seems that the effect of work environment on the patient-centered behavior of hospital employees has not been statistically estimated, and it is unclear which of the elements of the work environment best predict patient-centered behavior.

Background

Despite the joy of parenting, the burden of daily caregiving for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can be overwhelming and constant. Parents can expect to provide enduring care for their children with ASD. Given that the majority of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remain in their family homes well into adulthood, often the need for assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs) is placed on parents. Providing ongoing support to adult children who have difficulty with completing ADLs can increase parental caregiving demands. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the ability of adults with ASD to perform ADLs with parental perceptions of caregiver burden.

Background

Recruitment of individuals with rare diseases for studies of real-world patient-reported outcomes is limited by small base populations. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare, chronic, hematologic malignancies. In this study, recruitment strategies and geographic representativeness from the Living with MPNs survey are reported.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an experiential learning program based on Kolb’s theory in increasing dementia supporters’ motivation and activity involvement within the community.

Background

Smoking prevalence in Ireland is falling in all age groups, but e-cigarette use is rising among young people. This qualitative study explores young people’s accounts of e-cigarette use in Ireland.

Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a major neglected tropical disease that primarily affects poor communities living in rural areas of developing countries. The lack of knowledge about snakes and SBE is a major factor in augmenting SBE-induced disabilities and deaths. This study reports the significance of a multidimensional community education approach for the dissemination of public health information on SBE across the state of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. We also highlight the extent to which misconceptions about snakes and SBE treatment are held by people in rural communities of Tamil Nadu and demonstrate that key messages and appropriate actions can be effectively communicated through targeted engagement activities and use of the mass media. A one-day symposium provided clinical knowledge and training to healthcare professionals in rural areas about SBE. By providing appropriate awareness about snakes and SBE among the rural population through a variety of approaches, we should be able to reduce SBE-induced complications and the resulting disabilities and deaths. The approaches used in this study can be used as a proof of concept to educate rural communities in other parts of India and also other countries in the world where SBE is a significant issue.

Objective

To determine the penetration of heated tobacco products (HTPs) into the youth market in Taiwan, with a particular focus on the correlation between IQOS use and the usage of other tobacco products.